Background: The laparoscopic surgery technique has rapidly spread because of its several advantages over conventional open surgery. The diminishment of postoperative pain provided positive human impact, and the reduction of length of hospital stay as well as the earlier return to work generated a positive socioeconomic impact. However, despite being minimal invasive this surgical method, postoperative complication cannot be disregarded.

I read with great interest a paper published recently in Gut [1], as its fi nding that patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) have more pronounced reduction and dysbiosis in gut bacteria than ulcerative colitis (UC) is just as what I have predicted during the last fi fteen years [2,3]. However, in contrast to the notion of the authors of the Gut paper that the more pronounced reduction in gut bacteria in CD suggests CD and UC are two different diseases, my prediction came from the perception of the profound intimate connections between UC and CD. As we know, countries and places have a high incidence of UC usually also have high rate of CD. However, it always showed a pattern that UC emerged fi rst, followed by CD, then CD showed a trend of catching up or even overpassing the incidence of UC. From my fi nding that digestive proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin can be inactivated by unconjugated bilirubin but not conjugated bilirubin and information gathered after that on infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) including UC and CD, I perceived that the primary cause for both UC and CD may be the impairment in the inactivation of digestive proteases due to the reduction in gut bacteria, thus ?-glucuronidase enriched in certain kinds of gut bacteria that is needed for catalyzing the deconjugation of biliary bilirubin.

Patients with GERD and Barrett’s oesophagus should be encouraged to continue long term use of PPI therapy as a preventive measures for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. However, the conclusions, whether long-term use of PPI may casuse FGPs and gastric carcinoma development, remain inconsistent. Now, individual reports showed that long-term treatment with PPI might cause gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs) and the development of ECL cell carcinoids.Presently enormous study’s conclusion supported that long-term use of PPI does not increase in risk of colorectal cancer. Hence, clinical physicians must weigh potential risks of long-term use of PPI against gastrointestinal precancerous lesions or carcinoma.

Back ground: The application of laparoscopic technique for cholecystectomy is expanding very rapidly and now performed in almost all major cities and tertiary level hospitals in our country. The laparoscopic approach brings numerous advantages at the expense of a new set of diffi culties leads to open conversion especially in training facilities.

Aims: The study evaluated children’s nutritional status at the moment of hospitalization. Patients and Methods: The nutritional status of 113 hospitalized patients was retrospectively evaluated at the time of hospitalization in the Clinic of Pediatric Gastroenterology between May 2013 and November 2014. During hospitalization, height for age, weight for age, and weight for height z scores were calculated.